Among the best ways to obtain advanced training in microbiology is to participate in any one of the many "full immersion" summer courses offered worldwide. My personal favorites are:
The New Microbiology Course organized by EMBO-FEBS (formerly Host-Microbes Interactions) in Spetses, Greece - taught every three years.
John Innes/Rudjer Bošković Summer Schools in Applied Molecular Microbiology in Dubrovnik, Croatia - taught every two years.
Microbial Diversity Course at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts - taught every year.